经济发达地区的生态农业发展战略--以江苏省江阴市为例

我国的经济发达地区普遍存在着人地关系紧张、环境质量恶化和农产品质量下降等问题，发展生态农业是缓解这些矛盾的重要途径。本文以江阴市为例，分析了经济发达地区农业发展中存在的主要制约因素，强调了区内发展生态农业的迫切性和优势条件，根据区域社会经济发展特点，指出该市应以为中心城市服务的都市生态农业为发展方向，借鉴发达国家生态农业建设的先进经验，将生态农业建设与农业现代化建设有机地结合起来，探索和推广适合本地特点的精准设施农业技术，达到节约水、肥资源，提高农产品产量和品质的目的。     

Feature of Dust Particles in the Spring Free Troposphere over Dunhuang in Northwestern China: Electron Microscopic Experiments on Individual Particles Collected with a Balloon-borne Impactor

Free tropospheric aerosol particles were collected using a balloon-borne particle impactor in August of 2002 and March of 2003 at Dunhuang in northwestern China (40°00′N, 94°30′E), and the morphology and elemental composition of the aerosol particles were analyzed in order to understand the mixing state of coarse dust particles (diameter >1 μm) over the desert areas in the Asian continent in spring. Electron microscopic experiments on the particles revealed that dust particles were major constituents of coarse mode particles in the free troposphere over the Taklamakan Desert in spring and summer. Si-rich or Ca-rich particles are major components of dust particles collected in the free troposphere over dunhuang and the values of [number of Ca-rich particles]/[number of Si-rich particles] differs markedly between spring and summer, being about 0.3 in the spring of 2003 and about 1.0 in the summer of 2002 at heights 3–5 km above sea level. It is likely that the condition of the ground surface and the strength of vertical mixing in source areas of Asian dust are potential factors causing the difference in the chemical types of dust particles. Comparison of the elemental compositions of these particles with those of particles collected over Japan strongly suggests that these particles were chemically modified during their long-range transport in the free troposphere. Analysis of wind systems shows that both the predominating westerly wind in the free troposphere and the surface wind strongly controlled by the geographical structure of the Tarim Basin are important in the long-range transport of KOSA particles originating in the Taklamakan Desert.     

INFLUENCE OF REMOTE SENSING IMAGERY SOURCE ON QUANTIFICATION OF RIPARIAN LAND COVER/LAND USE1

ABSTRACT: This paper compares approaches to quantifying land cover/land use (LCLU) in riparian corridors of 23 watersheds in Oregon's Willamette Valley using color infrared aerial photography (AP) and Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery. For each imagery source, LCLU adjacent to stream networks were quantified across a range of lateral and longitudinal scales. Single‐date AP data had higher LCLU class accuracies than the multi‐date TM data, except for row crops. Correlations among LCLU classes for the two imagery sources increased with increased spatial extent. In general, LCLU proportions for AP and TM differed, but lateral/longitudinal patterns were similar. An aggregated vegetation class comprised of forest, shrub/scrub, and grass/forb was strongly associated with a fish index of biotic integrity (IBI) for both AP and TM data, although AP correlations were higher. Highest fish IBI correlations for both data sources were with the aggregated vegetation class close to the stream and for the longest longitudinal scales. The row crop class was strongly associated with stream nitrate for both data sources, although correlations for the TM data were higher. Stream nitrate correlations were strongest for the widest lateral and longest longitudinal scales. Overall, both single‐date AP and multi‐date TM imagery appear to have potential for use in estimating indicators of stream ecological condition.     

东北典型林区土壤黑碳分布特征及影响因素

以长白山、小兴安岭和大兴安岭三大东北林区为研究对象,研究了各区域森林土壤的黑碳含量和密度等分布特征,并对比林型、地形和火烧强度等研究结果,探讨了上述因素对黑碳分布特征的影响.研究表明,东北森林土壤的黑碳分布在垂直方向上差异显著,表现为表层(A11层)亚表层(A1 2层)(p0.01),3个区域内表层土壤黑碳含量大小表现为:大兴安岭长白山小兴安岭,黑碳密度大小为:长白山大兴安岭小兴安岭.长白山林区不同林型的黑碳含量和密度存在明显差异,杨桦次生林显著高于原始阔叶红松林(p0.01);小兴安岭林区,同一土层不同坡位土壤黑碳含量和密度均表现为:下坡上坡(p0.01),不同坡向均表现为:阳坡阴坡(p0.05);不同火烧强度下大兴安岭森林土壤黑碳含量和密度也有差异:对照轻度火烧中度火烧重度火烧,且对照与中度、重度火烧强度间均差异显著(p0.01).综上可知,林型、坡位和火烧强度是影响东北森林土壤黑碳分布的重要因素,但各林区主控因素不同.     

干旱区绿洲新疆石河子垦区地下水生态系统安全评价

为评价干旱区绿洲新疆石河子垦区的地下水生态系统安全状况,基于自然、生态、环境、社会和经济5个属性构建了地下水生态安全评价指标体系,运用主成分分析法和灰色关联分析方法筛选16个指标作为干旱区绿洲地下水生态安全评价指标,制定了适合于干旱区绿洲的地下水生态安全等级与评价标准,基于层次分析法和熵值法进行了指标权重分配,确定了各项评价指标在不同安全等级的隶属函数,应用模糊综合评判法对研究区内5个灌区的地下水生态安全状况进行评价.结果表明:①石河子灌区、金安灌区和玛纳斯灌区对基本安全级别的隶属度最高,分别为32.2%、35.4%和27.5%,3个灌区的地下水生态系统处于基本安全状态,区域面积占垦区总面积的51.8%;②莫索湾灌区地下水生态系统处于危机状态,相应的隶属度为27.2%,区域面积占垦区总面积的16.8%;③下野地灌区地下水生态系统处于不安全状态,相应的隶属度为28.8%,区域面积占垦区总面积的31.4%.研究显示,评价结果与实际情况基本相符,综合反映了该区域人类活动与地下水、生态系统的相互关系,证明了模糊综合评判法在干旱区绿洲地下水生态系统安全评价中具有一定的应用价值.      

福建省沿海地区春季一次近地层O3超标成因分析

福建省沿海地区春季ρ（O₃）较高且超标天数较多,为研究春季ρ（O₃）超标的天气学成因,选取2017年4月26日-5月1日O₃污染过程,利用统计对比和聚类分析方法,将全过程分成污染前、污染维持和污染后3个阶段,再将污染维持阶段分为4个区,利用ρ（O₃）和ρ（PM_2.5）小时均值资料,结合天气形势和气象要素场变化,分析此次O₃污染的主要特点.结果表明:①此次O₃污染与天气形势关系密切,在冷高压（4月28-29日）控制下,光化学反应条件有利,太阳辐射强、日照时间超过11 h,08:00起ρ（O₃）上升速率为15~20 μg/（m3·h）,ρ（O₃）最大8 h滑动平均值[简称"ρ（O₃）-max-8 h"]超过GB 3095-2012《环境空气质量标准》二级标准限值,但大气扩散条件好,ρ（PM_2.5）日均值未超过一级标准限值,ρ（O₃）超标原因为光化学反应所致,并且ρ（O₃）分布有明显的日变化规律.②在锋前暖区（4月26日08:00-16:00）及变性冷高压（4月30日-5月1日）控制下,光化学反应剧烈,08:00起ρ（O₃）上升速率为25~35 μg/（m3·h）,天气静稳且大气扩散条件差,本地生成的O₃在近地层累积效应明显,4月30日ρ（O₃）小时均值和ρ（O₃）-max-8 h达到过程峰值,ρ（PM_2.5）日均值超过GB 3095-2012二级标准限值,ρ（O₃）-max-8 h超过三级标准限值,空气质量达中度污染,ρ（O₃）超标原因为光化学反应加本地累积所致,并且ρ（O₃）分布也有明显的日变化规律.③受强冷空气影响,4月26日20:00-24:00福建省沿海地区的6个城市ρ（O₃）不降反升,22:00-24:00 ρ（O₃）8 h滑动平均值陆续达到一天中的最高值;4月27日ρ（O₃）维持在70~140 μg/m3之间,ρ（O₃）分布没有明显的日变化规律.研究显示,导致福建省沿海地区春季O₃污染天气的成因是多种因素共同作用的结果.      

典型村镇生活垃圾动态淋滤过程中污染物的释放特征研究

选取我国东、中、西部3个地区6个典型村镇的生活垃圾,设计了两种淋滤强度:低强度(10 mm·d~(-1))和高强度(20 mm·d~(-1)),采用室内降雨模拟实验,研究了生活垃圾污染物如CODCr、BOD5、TN和NH3-N等的动态淋滤释放特征.结果显示,两种淋滤强度下,3个地区淋滤液pH值整体随时间的增加呈现小幅的上升,变化范围分别在6.5~8.0(10 mm·d~(-1))和5.5~8.0(20 mm·d~(-1))之间;CODCr呈现显著下降(1~2周)、缓慢下降(2~7周)和相对平稳(7~10周)3个阶段.淋滤液BOD5在前6周降低明显,在第7和第8周基本达到了溶出的平衡点.淋滤液TN分别在第8周(10 mm·d~(-1))和第7周(20 mm·d~(-1))基本达到了溶出平衡,NH3-N分别在第8周(10 mm·d~(-1))和第6周(20 mm·d~(-1))基本达到了溶出平衡.整个淋溶周期内(10周),淋滤液CODCr、BOD5、TN和NH3-N浓度变化规律整体呈现:高强度(20 mm·d~(-1))淋滤条件下浓度降低率高于低强度(10 mm·d~(-1)).     

Chemical composition and source apportionment of PM10 and PM2.5 in different functional areas of Lanzhou, China

To elucidate the air pollution characteristics of northern China, airborne PM_10(atmospheric dynamic equivalent diameter ≤ 10 μm) and PM_(2.5)(atmospheric dynamic equivalent diameter ≤ 2.5 μm) were sampled in three different functional areas(Yuzhong County,Xigu District and Chengguan District) of Lanzhou, and their chemical composition(elements, ions, carbonaceous species) was analyzed. The results demonstrated that the highest seasonal mean concentrations of PM_10(369.48 μg/m~3) and PM_(2.5)(295.42 μg/m~3) were detected in Xigu District in the winter, the lowest concentration of PM_(2.5)(53.15 μg/m~3) was observed in Yuzhong District in the fall and PM_10(89.60 μg/m~3) in Xigu District in the fall.The overall average OC/EC(organic carbon/elemental carbon) value was close to the representative OC/EC ratio for coal consumption, implying that the pollution of Lanzhou could be attributed to the burning of coal. The content of SNA(the sum of sulfate, nitrate,ammonium, SNA) in PM_(2.5)in Yuzhong County was generally lower than that at other sites in all seasons. The content of SNA in PM_(2.5)and PM_10 in Yuzhong County was generally lower than that at other sites in all seasons(0.24–0.38), indicating that the conversion ratios from precursors to secondary aerosols in the low concentration area was slower than in the area with high and intense pollutants. Six primary particulate matter sources were chosen based on positive matrix factorization(PMF) analysis, and emissions from dust, secondary aerosols, and coal burning were identified to be the primary sources responsible for the particle pollution in Lanzhou.     

新疆“十三五”期间温室气体减排领域潜力分析研究

针对新疆“十三五”期间温室气体减排领域潜力分析及预测,依据京都议定书的规定及新疆的具体情况,分析了新疆温室气体排放现状及预测,探讨了新疆温室气体主要减排领域减排潜力,介绍了提高工业能源效率领域、建筑节能领域和煤田灭火等领域,提出了新疆九大行业温室气体减排潜力,利用统计年鉴数据及相关资料,估计在“十三五”期间的新疆总的温室气体减排潜力为35 100.39万吨C02.同时,本文对“十三五”期间新疆碳减排项目开发前景进行了分析和预测,并探讨了减排项目的优先开发领域.     

平原型农村适用的小型污水处理技术研究

通过对集成式污水处理装置工艺和运行参数进行优化,选择水力停留时间为32 h、回流比为100％、好氧区D0 2 mg/L为最佳运行工况.并在此基础上,研制出一体化处理设施——净化槽,在北京市大兴区庞各庄镇梨花村对其进行了示范应用,结果表明净化槽具有一定的耐冲击负荷的能力,出水水质稳定,对于推动北京平原地区农村生活污水达标排放具有重要意义.